Apush-Revolution of 1800

AP Essay Redo Kaleb Duncan The appointment of 1800 was viewed as the â€Å"Revolution of 1800† by Thomas Jefferson since it was a change from past Federalist rule, to Republican administration. Economies and plans for them changed significantly with the Republican Party in charge, just as legislative issues at that point. In international strategy, Jefferson got America engaged with the Barbary Wars and the Embargo Act.Previous presidents had done what they could to remain impartial in remote fights and clashes, yet Thomas Jefferson stepped up to the plate and this is additionally present in the XYZ issues with France. Jefferson brought the nation into its genuine first worldwide association. With legal executive, the genuine progressive occurring of the timespan was with the Marbury versus Madison situation when the Supreme Court was given the intensity of legal audit of the laws and activities by the central government. It took into account the Supreme Court to lead governme nt laws invalid in the event that they clashed with the Constitution.Politically, Jefferson trusted in exacting translation of the Constitution not at all like his antecedents. He purchased the Louisiana Purchase which the Constitution didn't completely permit him to do. Under Federalist sees, the economy of the United States was appearing to be progressively increasingly urban with a move from horticultural ways. With Thomas Jefferson being chosen into office, he trusted that America would keep up an exacting agrarian economy with crops being the top fare to remote countries.He needed Americans to remain a basically rustic living country with cultivating the primary part of the economy. The appointment of 1800 was likewise viewed as a transformation since legislative issues changed hands from Federalists with exacting perspectives on centralization and making a more grounded national government to Republicans with the expectations of making solid state lawmaking bodies and a strict er international strategy where assembling was less significant. The progression of Republicans added to it being known as a transformation.

Psychological Profile Tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mental Profile Tests - Essay Example The test-retest unwavering quality for the GESS score has been broke down by examination of the information from two organizations of this test to indistinguishable subjects.â The dissipate plots of these two arrangements of information shows an almost indistinguishable pattern.â The incline of each best-fit line for the every datum set is about indistinguishable, similar to the Mean and Standard Deviation.â Because the slants of the best-fit lines are certain numbers near a connection coefficient of +1, 0.94 for GESS 1 and 0.66 for GESS 2, there is a solid positive relationship between's these measurements.â The qualities acquired for the inclines of the GESS 1 and GESS 2 information propose an elevated level of test validity.â An immediate relationship is appeared to exist between GESS 1 and GESS 2 and this is an extremely amazing sign of reliability.â From these perceptions, the GESS test gives off an impression of being profoundly dependable and exceptionally valid.Th e Cronbach’s Alpha worth is 0.84 for the correlation of the information between GESS 1 and GESS 2.â Cronbach’s Alpha is a significant factual investigation technique that exhibits the degree of test-retest reliability.â Empirical proof has demonstrated that a Cronbach’s Alpha score more prominent than 0.7 is vital all together for a mental instrument to have a sufficient level of test-retest reliability.â The high estimation of 0.84 got in this examination shows that the GESS stock has a solid degree of test-retest dependability and is thusly a clinically usable instrument.The test-retest unwavering quality for the ICI score has been dissected by examination of the data.... The present investigation shows that these estimations are basically the equivalent. The test-retest unwavering quality for the GESS score has been investigated by examination of the information from two organizations of this test to indistinguishable subjects. The disperse plots of these two arrangements of information shows an almost indistinguishable example. The slant of each best-fit line for the every datum set is about indistinguishable, just like the Mean and Standard Deviation. Since the slants of the best-fit lines are certain numbers near a connection coefficient of +1, 0.94 for GESS 1 and 0.66 for GESS 2, there is a solid positive relationship between's these estimations. The qualities acquired for the slants of the GESS 1 and GESS 2 information propose a significant level of test legitimacy. An immediate relationship is appeared to exist between GESS 1 and GESS 2 and this is an extremely amazing sign of dependability. From these perceptions, the GESS test gives off an impression of being profoundly solid and exceptionally substantial. The Cronbach's Alpha worth is 0.84 for the correlation of the information between GESS 1 and GESS 2. Cronbach's Alpha is a significant measurable investigation strategy that exhibits the degree of test-retest unwavering quality. Exact proof has demonstrated that a Cronbach's Alpha score more prominent than 0.7 is important all together for a mental instrument to have a satisfactory level of test-retest unwavering quality. The high estimation of 0.84 got in this examination demonstrates that the GESS stock has a solid degree of test-retest unwavering quality and is hence a clinically usable instrument. The test-retest dependability for the ICI score has been dissected by examination of the information from two organizations of this test to indistinguishable subjects. The dissipate plots of these two arrangements of information shows a

Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essay Example

Improvement Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Improvement using reaction surface methodological investigation for the extractions of phenoplasts from Citrus hystrix foliage was completed by supercritical liquid extraction. The impacts of CO2 rate, extraction power per unit region and extraction temperature on yield, whole phenolic substance and Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl-IC50 were assessed and contrasted and ethanol extraction. Ethanol implantations and ideal SFE conditions were broke down with HPLC. Among the three factors contemplated, extraction power per unit territory had the most significant impact on the yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 of the implantations, trailed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. The ideal states of power per unit territory, CO2 rate and temperature were at 267 bars, 18 g/min and 50oC, severally. The yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 acquired were 5.06 % , 116.53 milligram GAE/g implantation and IC50 of 0.063 mg/ml, severally. These qualities were tolerably close to their contrary number of anticipated ( p gt ; 0.05 ) . Better concealment and TPC were gotten using SFE technique though higher yield and phenolic acids were seen with ethanol extraction. We will compose a custom exposition test on Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The frightening life way and less adjusted supplement utilization all around mostly because of high groupings of free lipid gatherings, both in supplement ( in vitro ) and in vivo after supplement utilization has given to the interest to take a gander at cancer prevention agents as a practical fixing in supplement. Man-made cancer prevention agents, for example, butylated hydroxytoluene ( BHT ) , butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA ) , tertiary-butyl hydro-quanone ( TBHQ ) and propyl gallate ( PG ) , are regular supplement cell reinforcements. Because of security issues, customer concerns and expanding regulative assessment ( Jamilah et al. , 2009 ; Shahidi. , 1997 ) refering man-made cancer prevention agents, the chance of characteristic cell reinforcements as alternatives is forcefully examined. The foliages of Citrus hystrix, referred to locally as, Limau purut, is utilized in numerous Malayan and South-East Asiatic part neighborhood dishes and medicative readyings. C.hystrix as a pote ntial fresh start of normal cell reinforcement was accounted for by Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) , Ching and Mohamed ( 2001 ) , Jaswir et Al. ( 2004 ) , Idris et Al. ( 2008 ) , Chan et Al. ( 2009 ) and Butryee et Al. ( 2009 ) . All mixtures were extricated using the traditional dissolvers, for example, ethyl liquor, methyl liquor, propanone and H2O. To deliver implantations of high phenolic substance and wealthy in cell reinforcements from C. hystrix foliages, requires high extraction proficiency impacted by components, for example, iota size, extraction strategies, dissolvable sort, dissolvable focus, dissolvable to-strong proportion, extraction temperature, power per unit zone and clasp ( Banik et al, 2007 ; Lang et al. , 2001 ; Pinelo et al. , 2005 ; Silva et al. , 2007 ) . Steam distillment and natural dissolver extraction using invasion, maceration and Soxhlet procedures are customarily utilized for the extraction of bioactive mixes from works beginnings. They are non productive and efficient and this can be overwhelmed by using the supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) system ( Bimakr et al. , 2009 ) . Carbon dioxide ( basic temperature, power per unit region and thickness ~ 31.18 oC, 72.0 cantina ; 0.47 gcm-3, severally ) is protected, buildup free, non-combustible, in costly and ecologically neighborly ( Pyo and Oo, 2007 ) . The improvement of supercritical liquids for the extraction of regular cancer prevention agents and phenolic mixes from the foliages of C.hystrix has non been accounted for. Subsequently, this review was done with the point of enhancing the extraction of the cancer prevention agent and phenolic acids from the foliages of C. hystrix using supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) liquid extraction by evolving or potentially fixing realized factors related with the extraction strategies. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Reagents utilized Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent ( FCR ) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) were bought from Sigma ( St Louis MO USA ) . Carbone dioxide, ( immaculateness 99.99 % ) , joining in a Carbone dioxide plunge tubing chamber, was bought from Malayan Oxygen ( MOX ) , Malaysia. Supreme ethyl liquor ( 99.4 % , investigative class ) , the qualifier for SC-CO2 methodology, acetonitrile and methyl liquor ( HPLC class ) as the itinerant stage for HPLC and phenolic acids measures ( vanillic corrosive, syringic corrosive, p-coumaric corrosive, M-cumeric, trans cinnamic corrosive, benzoic corrosive, Gallic corrosive and sinapic corrosive ) were bought from Fisher Scientific Chemical ( Loughborough, England ) . Every other concoction utilized were either logical or HPLC class. 2.2 Preparation of Sample The foliages of C. hystrix were gotten from Pasar Borong, an entire deal advertise at Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia. After coming to at the exploration lab, foliages were arranged, washed under running tap H2O, stove dried at 40AÂ °C for 24h and put away at surrounding temperature off from the noticeable radiation. The dried foliages were land simply before extraction in a liquidizer ( MX-335, Panasonic, Malaysia ) for 10s to deliver a pummeling with an approximative iota size of 0.5mm ( Bimak et al. , 2009 ) . 2.3 Solvent Extraction The phenolic mixes in the C. hystrix leaves powder were removed orchestrating to Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) with little modifications. The primary measure included absorbing the pummeling 95 % ethyl liquor for 24h at 50oC at an ethyl liquor to flick proportion of 10:1 ( v/w ) . The oil implantation was so sifted and gathered by disintegrating at 40oC in the rotational evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) .When the ethyl liquor was dissipated off the concentrated imbuement was moved into earthy colored glass bottles, flushed with N and kept at 25oC until utilization. The extraction was done in triplicate 2.4 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) Extraction Supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) liquid extraction using the supercritical liquid extractor ( ABRP200, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ) , with a 500 milliliter extractor vas appended, was completed orchestrating to Bimark et Al. ( 2009 ) with little changes. The stream pace of CO2 and modifier, extraction temperature, power per unit zone and clasp were balanced using ICE bundle combined with the supercritical liquid extractor. The fluid CO2 was pressurized and warmed to the desired power per unit territory and temperature with the help of power per unit region siphon ( P-50, Pittsburg, PA, USA ) to make the supercritical area before go throughing it into the extraction vas. Total ethyl liquor was utilized as the qualifier to better the extraction of phenoplasts from C.hystrix foliages and fixed at a stream pace of 3 milliliters/min for all trial processs. The continuation of the dormant extraction cut was fixed at 30 min, while the dynamic extraction cut was constant at 90 min. Fifty gms of C. hystrix foliages ( pummeling ) was varying with 150g glass dabs ( 2.0 millimeter in widths ) to organize the stream rate and the blend was set in the extractor vas. The extraction was so performed under grouped test conditions as produced by the reaction surface methodological investigation ( RSM ) plan. EtOH was expelled from the mixtures by vacuity vaporization using a turning evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) at 40 AÂ °C. The imbuements were gathered in the unit of ammo bottle flagon ( twisted with aluminum foil to limit light presentation and in this manner oxidization ) thus set in the broiler at 40AÂ °C for 30 min before being moved into desiccators for finishing up unchanging weight. Mixtures were moved into earthy colored glass bottles, flashed with N and put away in a profound freeze of - 25AÂ °C until more distant examination. The extractions were done in additional items. 2.5 Determination of Total Phenolic Content ( TPC ) The whole phenolic substance of C.hystrix foliage imbuements was resolved using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent blending to the technique depicted by Singletone et Al. ( 1999 ) . An aliquot of the imbuement ( 0.5mL ) was placed in 0.5mL of Folin reagent, under diminish noticeable radiation before 10mL ( 7 % ) of Na carbonate was included. The blend was so left in obscurity for 60A min. The optical thickness of the blend was estimated against EtOH ( space ) at 725A nanometers by using an UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The normalization condition for Gallic corrosive, communicated as Gallic corrosive identical ( GAE ) in mg/g imbuement, was y = 0.0064x + 0.0093 ( R2 = 0.9972 ) . 2.6 Determination of Free Radical Scavenging Activity Free radical searching action of C.hystrix foliage mixtures was estimated blending to the procedure depicted by Ramadan et Al. ( 2006 ) with little modifications. A 0.1A milliliter aliquot of toluenic test arrangement at various focuses was included with 0.39A milliliters of new toluenic 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) arrangement ( 0.1A millimeter ) . Triplicates were done for every focus. The blends were shaken adroitly and left in obscurity for 60A min and optical thickness was perused against unadulterated methylbenzene ( clean ) at 515A nanometers using an UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The free fanatic rummaging action of implantations was determined as follows: % Inhibition = ( [ Acontrol-Asample ]/Acontrol ) *100 Where AcontrolA =A optical thickness of the cont

English Bullet Point Essay Samples

English Bullet Point Essay SamplesIn this article, we will be discussing about English bullet point essay samples. These English bullet point essay samples will prove to be helpful in coming up with your own paper when you are writing your English essay.When it comes to writing a paper, you can find English bullet point essay samples that come in handy. You may have to research into different resources on the internet or seek assistance from a book store and find the kind of paper you want to write. There are many websites on the internet that offer papers for free and many of them are highly detailed and can help you come up with the best essay you want to write.When it comes to research, you need to find out the styles and languages used in this specific class. English is one of the most widely used forms of writing since there are many different countries that use this as a primary form of communication. There are also various kinds of different accents used in the English languag e to suit certain needs.English language experts have already compiled a very useful and simple guide on how to write an essay. There are a number of resources available to help you come up with an essay that could grab the attention of your audience. Many of these resources include English bullet point essay samples.This can help you save some time while going through all the materials that can be used to make up your own essay. One of the best things about these English bullet point essay samples is that you can find out what your instructor's style is.In case you are not sure which type of English bullet point essay samples to look for, then check out the syllabus and see what it is and how many of the sample paper is used. The syllabus is not usually the best example of what they are going to use and the samples are one of the best tools you could use in helping you create a good English essay.There are many methods available online to help you craft your English essay. Whether you are preparing to take an exam or just need help coming up with a great essay, there are many resources you can use to help you generate your essay that is well written and presented.

Measuring the level of Employee Satisfaction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3022 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Employee Satisfaction is the individual happiness that employees get from the fulfillment of their requirements and needs at work. The gratification of the employee can come from performing the work for which they have been employed for, from being treated fairly by employers or even just by having a friendly working environment and co-workers. Blum and Naylor (1984), viewed employee satisfaction as being the result of various attitudes the employee held towards his job towards related factors and towards life in general. According to research made, (Anon 2006), the term employee satisfaction which is usually associated to being pleasure, comfort and happiness at work, is viewed from a different approach as Fulfillment Satisfaction. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Measuring the level of Employee Satisfaction" essay for you Create order According to this article employee satisfaction, redefined as fulfillment satisfaction, is more than the traditional definition of an employee being comfortable with his work but instead is the combination of personal satisfaction of the employee as well as the satisfaction with groups around him, like for example satisfaction with the work, leadership and other relations. DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION: Motivation is a word that from the Latin word Movere, includes many other terms like, desires, wants, wishes, aims, goals, needs, drives, motives and incentives. The motivational cycle consists mainly of needs, drives and incentives whereby needs are produced whenever people have a physiological or psychological imbalance and as a direction to ease the shortage in needs, drives are set up. As a result incentives are there, to ease needs and drives. According to Westwood (1992:288), Motivation is an internal state experienced by the individual, while external factors including other people can also affect a persons motivational state. Motivation is developed within the individual and is unique to that individual. In a motivational state, the individual experiences a desire, intention or pressure to act. IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION: One of the main importances for organizations to keep their employees satisfied, is to enhance employee retention and reduce turnover. Retaining employees is important since it saves the organization from high financial cost which may be direct or indirect costs, prevents the organization from losing expertise and saves the organizational image. The cost of turnover, that is the percentage of employees leaving the organization and the cost of re-recruiting and providing training may be escaped if employees are satisfied. Moreover, the survival of certain companies depends highly on the critical skills of its employees, keeping them satisfied is elementary as if these types of employees leave, the time it will take to recruit and train new one, may lead the organization to suffer in the short term. Secondly employees may be more motivated to work if they are being satisfied, as a result the organization may benefit from an increase in productivity where, employees may be more pro ductive, reduce cost of production and the company may set better prices to customers. Moreover satisfied, competent and energized employees would be caring about the quality of the goods and services that they would be producing. Employees will produce and deliver greater value to customer thus leading to increase in customer satisfaction. If customers are satisfied with products or services being offered to them this will enhance their satisfaction and loyalty towards the business. As a result satisfied employees may lead to satisfied customers and opportunities for the organization to expand or to increase sales if customers through indirect advertising, recommend other consumers to turn towards the organization for their purchase. Finally employee satisfaction can also lead employees to be committed, more energetic and also improve their teamworking ability, which will enhance participation and involvement and provide employees with the satisfaction of playing a role in th e work being done and they will also be able to share ideas and learn from their teamworkers. INDICATORS OF EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION Employees, often relate their satisfaction to characteristics like the work itself, the pay, promotion opportunities, supervision, and coworkers. There are various indicators or criteria to evaluate the satisfaction of an employee, especially in the retail sector. The following criteria are used: Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction, not to be confused with employee satisfaction, can be described as being the result of employees perception of how well their job is providing them with the many things that are important to them and opportunity to do interesting tasks, to learning and accept responsibility. Job satisfaction can be represented as being either an emotional response to a job situation or how well outcomes meet employees set expectations. Herzberg et al (1957) stated that the term job satisfaction is multidimensional and that there can be satisfaction with the specific activities of the job; with the place and working conditions under which the job is performed or with other factors such as economic rewards, security or social prestige (Topolosky 2000, p.14). Extensive research made by Turner and Lawrence (1965), revealed that other factors that can affect employees satisfaction towards its work are; task variety, autonomy, feedback, identity and significance. Pay, Compensation and Benefits Wages and salaries are known to be a significant factor affecting satisfaction of employees not only in the retail sector but mostly in every sector. Money not only helps people to satisfy their basic needs but is also important in satisfying their upper-level needs. Most employees usually think that they are worth more than they get as revenue, as such the result of having a large gap between the amount they had expected and the amount they are getting, can lead to dissatisfaction and turnover. Locke (1969) stated that satisfaction is determined by the simple difference between what the person wants and what he perceives he receives. The more his wants exceed what he receives, the greater his dissatisfaction, (as cited in Lawler, 1994, p.85). Benefits are also important in this sector but not as influential as the monetary value, pay holds. This may be because employees do not really know what and how much they are receiving and the value of these benefits. According to researc h made by Henessey Jr. et al (1992), many studies showed that employees are unaware of the additional amount spent by employers in the contribution of benefits for them, one example may be that of the Hewitt associates (1985, Henessey Jr. et al 1992). Potential types of benefits in the retail sector might be medical insurance, vacation time, sick time and other benefits like part-time work, insurance or retirement benefits. Studies made by Henessey Jr et al (1992) stated that organizations can use benefits as a defensive strategy against competitors and keep their level position from employees point of view. Moreover according to Sutton (1985 and 1986), firms who provide higher level of insurance and retirement benefit have a lower rate of turnover. Relationship with senior management Employees especially in this sector do hold importance to the relationship they have with top management. Employees normally appreciate to be known by their employers, that the latter are aware of their personal work and performance, receive feedback, as these give them a greater sense of belonging to the organization. Since most people in this sector are normally at the lower level, they do not really get a chance to know or to communicate with the higher level, as such they cannot figure out clearly whether they are important to the organization or not and this in certain cases, these do affect their satisfaction. Relationship with immediate superior The relationship with immediate supervisors is one other important factor affecting employee satisfaction. In this field of retailing, there usually exists a middle level which is also referred as the supervisory level and acts as the intermediary level between the employees and senior management. This level is very important as the supervisors are the one who act as leaders to the employees and can greatly affect their daily motivation and satisfaction. One way supervisors can affect employee satisfaction is through being employee focused that is by caring and taking into account the personal interest of the subordinates. This can be in the form like communicating with subordinates on personal basis as well as in an official way, asking about the health of the employee if the latter was ill or giving advice and support to the employee. Another way by which supervisors affect an employees satisfaction is by giving employees the chance to participate or influence in making dec ision about their own jobs. This participation concerning their own work usually is more important for employees, than participating in any other decision making. Relationship with colleagues/co workers Being in a team or a group with friendly, helpful and cooperative co-workers or team members is a humble source of satisfaction to individual employees. Members in a tight group are more likely to be those who will support, give comfort, advice and assistance whenever their team members require. According to David Mc Clelland, an employee who has more friends and less enemies in a working team tend to be accepted by the other members of the group and has a greater sense of belonging and better satisfaction. From recent research it has been stated that, where there is considerable interdependence among members of a group in order to do a job, there will be greater satisfaction and on the other hand if there is no good relations among the members of the group, the satisfaction of the members may be affected. Promotions and Career development There are different types of promotions and different types of rewards attached to them. For example getting the opportunity to climb the ladder and getting a higher position in the organization or having an increase in salary might be satisfying for some people and dissatisfying for others. Since in the recent years, organizations have been cutting down levels in their hierarchy and the accompanying empowerment strategies, employees in the retail tend to be more going for the type of promotion based on their performance, hours of work, overtime rather than being promoted based on experience. THEORETICAL VIEWS OF EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION AND MOTIVATION Employee satisfaction and work motivation are often considered to be the same thing. It should be noted that employee satisfaction is very distinctive from motivation, since employee satisfaction is concerned about employees feelings towards their work and motivation is concerned with the behaviors employees tend to have in their work and which can positively or negatively affect their work. Many theories of motivation however are used in explaining behaviors and partly in predicting what can be done to satisfy employees. According to Furnham (1992), employee satisfaction and motivation are often discussed side by side, since it is debatable that the degree to which an employee can be satisfied at work is due to the factors and situations that motivate him. Some of the theories of motivation that are used for this report are namely; Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg Two-Factor Theory, Equity Theory and Expectancy Theory Maslows Hierarchy of Needs One of the theories that are mostly known is that of Maslows theory hierarchy of needs. Maslow believed that normal people have five types of needs which can be set up in a hierarchical way. These needs are such in a way that those at the most bottom level must be satisfied before the next upper level can be met. Abraham Maslow believed that once a level is satisfied and it no longer motivates, the next higher level of need has to be activated in order for the person to be motivated. Figure Physiological needs found at the lowest part of the hierarchy, are those basic needs such as food, air, water, shelter and clothing that employees want to satisfy first. For employees to get motivated by higher level of needs, the basic needs have to be satisfied. This is possible when employers provide their employees with a salary that enable them to afford reasonable living conditions and meet their physiological needs. After basic needs have been met, safety needs are activated whereby employees will seek safety both emotionally as well as physically. Types of safety that employees will consider to satisfy are, non-threatening, secure, predictable habitable environment. The next upper level after safety needs have been satisfied, are the social needs which refers to individuals need to affiliate with other people, to be liked and accepted by colleagues and co-workers. People need to feel liked and integrated with their fellow friends at work. The fourth level in the hi erarchy is the need for self-esteem whereby employees objective is to acquire respect and agreement of others. At this level, employees ambitions are diverted towards achieving success, prestige and recognition by others who are at the same level. Types of employees expectations that would satisfy them at this level would be receiving awards, prizes etc. At the self-actualization level, employees are at the highest of all their needs. At this level employees seek to self-fulfilled themselves, like working out to their full potential, their creativity and their desire to be one who is capable of doing anything. According to Furnham (1992), there are few jobs that actually have the scope of providing employees the opportunity to self-actualize. Maslow separated the five levels of needs into two order level of needs. Physiological needs and safety needs are considered to be the lower-order needs and the social, self-esteem and self-actualization needs are considered to be of high er-order needs. The difference between the two types of needs is that lower-order needs are needs that can be satisfied by external factors whereas higher-order needs can be satisfied internally, by individuals. Herzberg Two-Factor Theory Herzberg et al (1959) came up with the theory that employees have two types of needs which are the hygiene and motivator needs. Individuals hygiene needs also known as dissatisfiers which resemble Maslows (1954) lower-order needs, are satisfied by external factors which are concerned with the environment of the job whereas the motivator needs also known as satisfiers relate more specifically to the job itself and its consequences. In the retail context, hygiene needs can be for example the salary, the supervision, the relationship with coworkers, benefits, physical working conditions and examples of motivator needs can be employees achievement, career advancement, responsibility or the work itself. According to this theory, if the extrinsic factors that are required by hygiene needs, are favorable, satisfaction is not result but it is rather defined as a reduction or elimination in job dissatisfaction and motivator needs however when are met, can be said to lead to job satisf action. Equity Theory The Equity theory developed by the psychologist J. Stacy Adams (1963), suggests that employees make social comparisons with others on the basis of their outputs and inputs as they perceive they are. The inputs, in the context of employees in the retail sector are referred to the contribution of employees in their work, for example, the hours of work, their effort, their qualifications or ideas they brought in whereas outputs here refer to what workers believe they get out of their job like, pay, benefits or recognition. This theory argues that employees will give good performance and get satisfaction where there will be equity in the ratio of their outputs and their inputs when compared to other employees ratio. According to research made by Chui (2000, cited Isen and Baron 1991), employees who supposed they were not being treated equitably as others, would normally express discontentment, frustration and anger. Expectancy Theory The expectancy theory from Vrooms is based on the three types of beliefs that employees have; namely, expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Expectancy is the belief that ones effort will give performance as result; instrumentality is the belief that the performance obtained will be rewarded and valence is the value that employees perceive, the rewards have. It is considered that motivation is based on the multiplication of all of the three components; that is for example if performance and reward is high but the value of reward is low, this will result in low motivation. Thus for motivation to be high, expectancy, instrumentality and valence should be high. Porter and Lawler expanded the expectancy theory by setting up a model. Porter and Lawler model explained that the level of motivation of employees is not equal to their job performance but is rather another determinant that affects job performance. Figure According to this model, performance is a result of the combination of effort, clarity of what is expected and the skill required to do the job. The first expectancy in this model is that if an employee has the right perception of what needs to be done, has the skills, has the physical and mental abilities required and is enough motivated to exert the effort required, a good job performance can be expected. The second expectancy here is that, given the job have been successfully accomplished rewards will follow. These rewards may be intrinsic such as job satisfaction or extrinsic like pay or recognition. However whether job performance will lead to intrinsic rewards depend on the job, whereas the relationship between extrinsic rewards and satisfaction will depend on the individual perceived equity. RELATIONSHIP OF EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION In the retail sector, service quality is gaining high importance and more and more organizations are concentrating on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty while less attention is given to employee satisfaction and commitment for employees that are directly connected to customer services, however it should be considered that according to studies made in the field of services, it has been shown that service quality is closely related to employee satisfaction (Cronin and Taylor, 1992; Oliver, 1993; Babakus et al., 2004). Providing service of quality is considered to be a key strategy for success of companies in todays competitive environment (Parasuraman et al. 1985). According to Gronroos (1998), Service quality is usually defined as being the gap between the quality of service delivered by the organization and the expected service performance by employees. As per Zeithaml et al (1990), employee satisfaction is an imperative factor in determining service quality. Eskildse n et al (2000) stated that various studies showed that satisfied employees are greatly motivated, have a better morale while doing their work and eventually perform more effectively and efficiently. According to research made by Reicher and Sasser (1990), it is stated that the greater the level of employee satisfaction, the greater the probability of getting customer satisfaction and the ability to withhold them.

Taking a Look at the Death Penalty - 918 Words

The death penalty is one of the oldest punishments in the world. It has many kinds and always appeared with blood and fright in the history. As the world developing, we got stuck in a problem, that whether we should abolish the death penalty. We have many arguments about the death penalty at present. There are more than 140 countries abolished it. Also the 58 nations with 65 percent population still used it, like China, America, Japan. Many lawyers, judges, politics and scholars also have their own opinions about the death penalty, some thinks the death penalty should be abolished because the death penalty cannot reduce the criminal rate. on the contrary, it increase the criminal rate like America. But others don’t think so. In a word, whether the death penalty should be abolished or not is a argument topic. we think the death penalty should be abolished, and there are three reasons. James’ part Crime has not decreased because of the death penalty surprised us. Because there are some serious crime hurts the people too much, some people decided to punish them and reduce criminal rates and then created death penalty. The feeling illusion may be a most of us agree with them that it can reduce criminal rate and prevent citizens to crime. But in fact, a research about the relation of the dead penalty and criminal rate by United Nations in 1988 and 2002 is opposite to the common sense. The research tells us a unbelievable result that the criminal rate is direct influenced byShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Death Penalty1195 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty Many criminals who commit murder are sentenced to death for the crimes they have committed. The death penalty is a highly controversial practice and the question that must be raised is: Should society continue to use the death penalty as a punishment for heinous crimes? Currently, this turbulent topic continues to be argued. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, there are already eighteen states that have abolished this archaic form of justice. Our society is movingRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty1013 Words   |  4 Pages Death Penalty should be allowed under circumstances also known as capital punishment, where congress or any state legislature recommend the death penalty for murder and other capital crimes. Majority of the states are favor in death penalty, roughly around 32 states are favor and 18 states are against death penalty. In most cases, many argue that death penalty has violated the 8th amendment, where it bans cruel and unusual punishment. Therefore, they would go against death penalty. However, withoutRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty694 Words   |  3 Pagesgenerations to come. This is where the death penalty comes into place. What type of feelings would you encounter knowing your children were in danger on a daily basis? We are capable of putting certain people away for our safety. The death penalty may be expensive, but it should stand nationwide on the grounds that it lowers crime rates and it is justified. The death penalty is too expensive to enact. Every case having to do with the penalty of death costs an extra chunk load of money, trialsRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty1168 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty To have a loved one taken away in such a cruel manner to have a memory that haunts you every living moment. The death penalty would not merely add up for what has happened to you or family. The death penalty should be illegal for many reasons such it is immoral, it doesn’t ensure closure for the victim or the victim’s family, and although some people think that the death penalty will deter crime it really is ineffective overall. Many people think it is right to kill someone forRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty659 Words   |  3 PagesThe death penalty occurs when someone kills another human being for money, ether intention, knowing or even recklessly. â€Å"The death penalty violates the right to life as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the right to be free from cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment.† (The Ultimate Denial of Human Rights) in this world, no one has the right to take another human being’s life, every human being is entitled to life. According to Reggio, the death penalty startedRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty1029 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty has been around for decades, and since the beginning it has been a major topic of discussion. It’s been very controversial because there are religious issues and moral issues in some people’s minds. The death penalty is a topic that has always had moral principles and ethical issues. There’s really no in between with what people believe, they are either fully for the death penalty, or completely against it. However, both sides have completely ethical reasons as to why they believeRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty614 Words   |  2 Pages Capital punishment or the death penalty is a legal process where a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime that person has committed. Forms of Capital punishment has been around for hundreds of years. Execution of criminals have been used by almost every so ciety that has ever existed. People were executed for all types of crimes from being accused of witch craft to lying. In some cases a vast amount of people were put to death with capital punishment. In the 20th century tens of millionsRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of Execution1247 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the death penalty? The death penalty is the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. In the reading selection â€Å"The DEATH PENALTY in AMERICA† Bedau says that â€Å"The history of the death penalty in America can be useful if roughly divided into six epochs of very uneven duration and importance (3)†.The author is saying that the history of the death penalty can be usefully if it is separate into different time period. The author says â€Å"first, from theRead MoreThe Ethics of Capital Punishment Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment is known to some people one of the cruelest punishmen t to humanity. Some people believe giving a person the death penalty does not solve anything. While others believe it is payback to the criminal for the crime they have committed. There have been 13,000 people executed since the colonial times, among 1900 and 1985 there were 139 innocent people sentence to death only 23 were executed. In 1967 lack of support and legal challenges cut the execution rate to zero bringing the practiceRead MoreCessation of Life: Who are we to choose?- A look into the Death Penalty686 Words   |  3 Pagescrime, sometimes the only justice seems to be an eye for an eye. And most of the time those victims look to our court systems to provide that justice. But is death the answer? I believe that with human fallibility and the fallibility of our court system as variables, that a sentence that cannot be overturned should not be passed down in any case, especially when that sentence is as irreversible as death. In an editorial from USA Today found on death penaltyinfo.org, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is

Destination Marketing for Product Marketing- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theDestination Marketingfor Product Marketing. Answer: Introduction: Destination marketing is a renowned term in the marketing industry that refers to a process by which a state, any town or city is promoted to increase the number of the visitor on that place. It can be defined a form of tourism advertisement for a particular place (Dwyer et al. 2014). The following article is discussing about the destination marketing. It has enlightened various aspects of destination marketing. It has concentrated on Srilanka as a subject of destination marketing. The article has provided a vivid concept of destination marketing. Literature Review: According to many reports, Destination marketing is a subset of tourism advertisement. It aims at influencing people to visit any place, town and city (Line Runyan, 2014). Some analysts have distinguished product marketing from destination marketing. They have stated further that the in product marketing, favorite products of the consumers are often delivered via distribution channel. However, in case of destination marketing, consumers are moved to other places. According to some reports, destination marketing has put a significant impact on the growth of the tourism industry of various countries (Marine-Roig Clav, 2015). The growth of destination marketing has transformed the scenario of the tourism industry of several countries. Eventually it has fostered the financial growth of those countries. The primary objective of the destination marketing is to draw the attention of large number of explorers towards any destination. According to some reports, every tourism industry wants to ensure that their potential consumers are interested in the place. The organizational managementt of various tourism industry use destination marketing as the key tool to promote any rural destination (Pike Page, 2014). Branding Destination Marketing: Destination branding signifies the most important aspect of a particular destination. The aim of the destination marketing is to attract large number of travel lovers towards the tourist destination. According to some reports destination marketing provides transparent picture about a tourist destination to the explorers. Tourism industries often communicate about the special offers they are providing to the consumers for visit that particular destination. The concept of branding plays crucial role in marketing any product or service (Wang, Li Li, 2013). Visioning In Destination Marketing: Visioning plays crucial role to influence stakeholders. It is highly responsible for attracting maximum number of tourists towards the destination. It encourages participating in the development of the tourist destination. According to some analysts, destination marketing is important for giving a clear overview of the tourist destination. Visioning of destination marketing includes the planning based on which the tourism industry must develop in that particular area. Visioning encourages stakeholders to participate in the development of a specific place to transform it into a tourist destination and grab attention of the large number of people from every corner of the world (Yang, Pan Song, 2014). Positioning in Destination Marketing: Position is a key element of the marketing communication. The primary objective of the positioning is to put a significant impact among the potential consumers. It defines various features of the tourist destination to the consumers. It aims at distinguishing that specific place from other places (Webster Ivanov, 2014). Branding of Tourism Srilanka: Trincomalee is one of the coastal areas of Srilanka. It is located 264 away from Colombo. This place is not renowned among the tourists. This place is considered as one of the most beautiful places of Srilanka. This place is very close to nature. The city is divided into inner and outer harbors. In Trincomalee Tamil is mostly spoken by the local natives. The beaches of Trincomalee are accessible for all kind of sea crafts in all weather (Buultjens, Ratnayake Gnanapala, 2016). Target Market: The target market of the Srilanka tourism industry is the travelers who want to escape from the busy schedule and spend some leisure time in a peaceful destination. Explorers who love scenic beauty are the target market of tourism industry of Srilanka. Visioning of Tourism Srilanka: The vision of tourism Srilanka is to attract travelers from every corner of the world and develop the tourism infrastructure as well as financial infrastructure of the country. The tourism industry of Srilanka is looking for investors who can provide sufficient financial support to establish a better future for the tourism industry of Srilanka. The tourism industry of Srilanka aims at improving the quality of their service and improves the tourism infrastructure of the country to attract more potential consumers. Positioning of Tourism Srilanka: The positioning of Trincomalee is its attractive features. The scenic beauty of Trincomalee has capability to draw the attention of explores. People can enjoy sea life of Trincomalee. They can enjoy the beauty of the sea and forest parks. However, the visitors can face congestion during peak hours (Hays, Page Buhalis, 2013). Recommendation: The government of Srilanka must pay close attention to improve the quality of their service and products. They must improve the communication and transportation system of the city to offer more efficient service to the tourists. In order to provide more excellent experience t the visitors, the local government must maintain the atmosphere of the beach and must avoid all kind of practice that can increase the rate of pollution in the environment. They must encourage local art and craft to improve the quality, so it can attract more visitors. Conclusion: As per the previous discussion it can e concluded that destination marketing plays crucial role in the development of financial infrastructure of every country. It works as a tool to draw the attention of large number of consumers towards a specific destination. The development of the economic infrastructure of every country is highly dependent on the tourism industry. Destination marketing acts as a tourism advertisement to grab e attention of the travelers towards a particular city, town or any rural area. Srilanka tourism industry must pay some close attention to improve quality of their tourism service. Reference: Buultjens, J. W., Ratnayake, I., Gnanapala, W. A. C. (2016). Post-conflict tourism development in Sri Lanka: implications for building resilience.Current Issues in Tourism,19(4), 355-372. Dwyer, L., Pham, T., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R. (2014). Destination marketing of Australia: Return on investment.Journal of Travel Research,53(3), 281-295. Hays, S., Page, S. J., Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), 211-239. Line, N. D., Runyan, R. C. (2014). Destination marketing and the service-dominant logic: A resource-based operationalization of strategic marketing assets.Tourism Management,43, 91-102. Marine-Roig, E., Clav, S. A. (2015). Journal of Destination Marketing Management. Pike, S., Page, S. J. (2014). Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: A narrative analysis of the literature.Tourism Management,41, 202-227. Wang, D., Li, X. R., Li, Y. (2013). China's smart tourism destination initiative: A taste of the service-dominant logic.Journal of Destination Marketing Management,2(2), 59-61. Webster, C., Ivanov, S. (2014). Transforming competitiveness into economic benefits: Does tourism stimulate economic growth in more competitive destinations?.Tourism Management,40, 137-140. Yang, Y., Pan, B., Song, H. (2014). Predicting hotel demand using destination marketing organizations web traffic data.Journal of Travel Research,53(4), 433-447.

Us Economy Essays (1668 words) - Taxation, , Term Papers

Us Economy Introduction How easy is it for smaller business men to achieve the Aamerican dream. How to stop corporate domination. The question I pose to you is Is the American Dream still achievable? The opportunity is there but for what select few is the opportunity available to. If the resources are out there but I can't tap into the resources they rae of no use to me. (Make note of the fact that we live in a market economy. Body Just about every definition of the market in the dictionary connotes an oppurtunity as a place where goods are bought and sold.(cite dict.) As an abstraction, a market is the possibility of sale. Goods find a market, and we say there is is a market for a service or commodity when there is a demand for it, which means it can and will be sold. Markets are opened to those who want to sell and a convenience for those looking to purchase.(cite 2) The market represents conditions as regards, opportunity for, buying and selling.(cite 2) The market implies offering and choice. The way a market economy works is that there are market pressures that develop for different commodities. The pressures work in one direction for a while, but at the same time pressures are budding that work in the opposite direction. As people look forward and see there's going to be some profit made from their production, they'll make decisions to increase volume, usually hiring more people, buying more materials, often bidding up their prices. When people are competing in the same market, that tends to generate more and more pressure in the direction of expansion. But at the same time, as costs and possibly interest rates rise, pressures begin to operate in the other direction, against profits.(cite 1) The public as a whole must get their fair share of the benefits. Macroeconomic reforms should translate into a more efficient delivery of public services, equity, social welfare and social security.(cite 3) The Economic Policy Institute (EPI) has released its findings on American living standards. The report, issued every other year on a decline that begsn in the late-1970's. The EPI's report also contends that the Americans are working more for less money because of slow growth in wages since 1989. According to the report, wages in the bottom 80% of men have declined since 1989. The report also contends that 20% of women have experienced a decline in trsl esgrd dincr the 1980's, a period in which wages fell but family income increased because of longer hours at work and increased participation of women in the workforce. Critics assert that the report wrongly focuses on declining wages as a gauge to the income of the American family. Such critics find spending a more appropriate means by which to measure income.(cite 4) One proposal would birng back the 10% income deduction for second earners that was eliminated in the Tax Reform Act of 1986.(cite 5) Under that rule, a couple with two earners can deduct from taxable income 10 percent of the earnings of the spouse with the lower earnings(generally, the wife) up to 30,000 of earnings.(cite 5) Since almost all married working women earn less than 30,000, this is equivalent to a 10 percent reduction in the wife's marginal tax rate.(cite 5) To get a sense of how substansial this offset would be, consider a typical middle-class two earner couple. The husband earns 45,000 per year, and the wife earns $15,000 per year by working 1,000 hours at $15 per hour. They pay tax at a marginal income tax rate of 28 percent plus a payroll tax of 7.65 percent.(cite 5) They also pay at a typical state income tax rate of 5 percent.(cite 5) As a result, the wife's $15 per hour wage produces only a net of $8.90 per hour.(cite 5) If she didn't change her work, the deduction would reduce her taxable earnings from $15,000 to $13,500.(cite 5) With a marginal income tac rate of 28 percent, that would cut her tax payments by 420 per year.(cite 5) That's how the current method of revenue estimation would evaluate the revenue effect of the deduction, a $420 revenue loss. But the 10 percent cut in her effective marginal income tax rate (which would result from deducting 10 percent of her earnings from taxable income) would raise her net hourly take-home by a little less than 5 percent, from $8.90 per hour to $9.32 per hour.(cite 5) Statistical studies of the labor supply of

Micro and Macro Environment and Coke Industry Essays

Micro and Macro Environment and Coke Industry Essays Micro and Macro Environment and Coke Industry Paper Micro and Macro Environment and Coke Industry Paper Dozens of other workers have been intimidated, kidnapped, or tortured. In Career, members of the paramilitary murdered union leader Sister Gill in broad daylight inside his factory gates. They returned the next day and forced all of the plants workers to resign from their union by signing documents on Coca-Cola letterhead. The most recent murder attempt occurred on August 22, 2003, when two men riding motorcycles fired shots at Juan Carols Galois, a worker leader at Coca-Colas Barnstormers plant. There is substantial evidence that managers of several bottling plants have ordered assaults to occur and made regular payments to leaders of the paramilitary groups carrying out the attacks. These ongoing abuses have oaken their toll on Coca-Cola workers efforts to organize. Their union, SANITARIAN has suffered a dramatic loss in membership, as worker leaders are intimidated or forced into hiding. SENATORIAL has appealed for solidarity and allies in the U. S. Labor and social justice movements have answered their call. The United Steelworkers and the International Labor Rights Fund have filed a lawsuit against Coca-Cola on behalf of the union and victims families in U. S. Federal court. Other unions including the Teamsters and many community groups have launched public campaigns targeting Coke. What are workers in Colombia demanding? Acknowledge underlying Facts. The events alleged in the four Complaints filed in federal district court in Miami, Florida are objectively verifiable. For example, Mr.. Sister Gill was murdered in the Coca-Cola bottling plant in Career. The Plaintiffs are extremely 8 distraught that Coca-Colas public statements have labeled these allegations as false since this constitutes an effort to alter the historical record. Public Statements Denouncing Anti-union Violence. Coca-Cola and Panamas/ FEMMES should issue strong, public statements throughout the press in Colombia and in the world denouncing violence, and particularly anti-union lenience, by all armed actors in Colombia. The companies should state that such violence, regardless of who commits it, is seen by corporations such as themselves as being bad for business and investment. Specifically, they should publicly state that if the paramilitaries see themselves as protecting the interests of domestic and foreign investment, they are wrong; that their violent conduct, especially against trade unionists, is bad for business and investment and must cease. Coca-Cola and Panamas/FEMMES must also make public statements in the press indicating their belief that, contrary to the tenements made by local Colombian management, Senatorial is not connected with any armed groups in Colombia, and acknowledge that the violent acts described in the four federal complaints was unlawful. Human Rights Committee. Coca-Cola and Panamas/FEMMES must agree to support the creation of an independent committee to which workers can submit complaints about anti-union violence and intimidation at or around any Coca- Cola bottling plant. The Committee will work with such employees and the union to address such concerns in a productive way. Investigation and Training: Coca-Cola and Panamas/FEMMES must encourage the proper authorities in Colombia to investigate links between local Colombian management and the armed groups, particularly the paramilitaries. Further, the companies must conduct their own internal investigations and remove management with such links. This investigation must be subject to independent review. Coca-Cola and Panamas/FEMMES should also conduct training with all management personnel and employees in which they strongly stress that any collusion with armed actors or any encouragement of anti-union violence by these actors, whether material or moral, will not be tolerated and will result in immediate discharge. Address Anti-Loon Impact of Violence. As a consequence of the annotation violence that is the subject of the four legal cases, SENATORIAL has suffered significant losses of members and other institutional damage. In order to address this distinct aspect of the violence, Coca-Cola must agree to require its bottlers to negotiate with SENATORIAL and to agree to a process to repair the damage suffered by SENATORIAL. This shall include prohibiting any of the Coca-Cola bottlers from referring to the union in a derogatory way, such as calling it a guerilla union, reinstating union members who fled following specific death hearts from paramilitaries or who were discharged unlawfully for their union activity, and allowing SENATORIAL to have access to workers prior to elections in any of the subject bottling plants where SENATORIAL was decertify following the acts Of violence due to lost membership from terror and intimidation. Cessation of Criminal Charges. Coca-Cola and Panamas/ FEMMES must stop pressing criminal legal action against the Plaintiffs as they have done since shortly after, and in retaliation for, the Plaintiffs commencement of the civil human rights lawsuit in Miami. Compensation for Victims Environmental Devastation in India (selections from nondisclosure. Org) 9 Communities across India are under assault from Coca-Cola practices in the country. A pattern has emerged as a result of Coca-Colas bottling operations in India. Communities across India living around Coca-Colas bottling plants are experiencing severe water shortages, directly as a result of Coca-Colas massive extraction of water from the common groundwater resource. The wells have run dry and the hand water pumps do not work any more. Studies, including one by the Central Ground Water Board in India, have confirmed the significant depletion of the water table. When the water is extracted from the common groundwater resource by digging deeper, the water smells and tastes strange. Coca-Cola has been indiscriminately discharging its waste water into the fields around its plant and sometimes into rivers, including the Ganges, in the area. The result has been that the groundwater has been polluted as well as the soil. Public health authorities have posted signs around wells and hand pumps advising the community that the water is unfit for human consumption. In two communities, Appalachia and Impending, Coca-Cola was distributing its solid waste to farmers in the area as fertilizer. Tests conducted by the BBC found cadmium and lead in the waste, effectively making the waste toxic waste. Coca-Cola stopped the practice of distributing its toxic waste only when ordered to do so by the state government. Tests conducted by a variety of agencies, including the government of India, confirmed that Coca-Cola products contained high levels of pesticides, and as a result, the Parliament of India has banned the sale of Coca-Cola in its cafeteria. However, Cloacae not only continues to sell drinks laced with poisons in India (that could never be sold in the US and ELI), it is also introducing new products in the Indian market. And as if selling drinks with EDT and other pesticides to Indians was not enough, one of Cocoas latest bottling facilities to open in India, in Bali, is located in an area with a severe contamination of arsenic in its groundwater. Destroying Lives, Livelihoods and Communities Water shortages, pollution of groundwater and soil, exposure to toxic waste and pesticides is having impacts of massive proportions in India. In a country where over 70% of the population makes a living related to agriculture, stealing the water and poisoning the water and oil is a sure recipe for disaster. Thousands of farmers in India have been affected by Coca-Colas practices, and Coca-Cola is guilty of destroying the livelihoods of thousands of people in India. Unfortunately, we do not even know the extent of the damage as a result from exposure to the toxic waste and pesticides as these are long term problems. Most affected are the marginalia communities such as the Advises (Indigenous Peoples) and Dalais (formerly untouchables), as well as the low-income communities, landless agricultural workers and women. Taken in its entirety, thats a lot of people in India. The Struggles The arrogance of Coca-Cola in India is not going unanswered. In fact, the growing opposition to Coca-Cola- primarily from Coca-Cola affected communities- has spread so rapidly and gained so much strength that Coca-Cola is now on the defensive. Kola Dear, Restaurant In the state of Restaurant, the High Court ruled in November 2004 that all soft drinks in the state must state the level of pesticides on the product label, in addition to the ingredients. This 10 unprecedented ruling came only three weeks after a 2,000 strong demonstration to shut down the Coca-Cola bottling plant in Kola Dear, on the outskirts of Jasper in Restaurant. Over 50 villages are experiencing water shortages as a result of Coca-Colas indiscriminate mining of water, and struggle committees have been formed in at least 32 villages to confront Coca-Colas abuses. The Central Ground Water Board, a government agency, not only confirmed the declining water table as a result of Coca-Colas indiscriminate running of the water, it also faulted Coca-Cola for creating ecological imbalances in the area. In response to the court order to state the level of pesticides on their labels, Coca-Cola appealed the decision on the rounds that such an action would force them to compromise with their commercial confidentiality! Coca-Cola also submitted to the court that small traces of EDT and other pesticides are not harmful to the health of the consumers. The court rejected the appeal, and significantly, stated that commercial interests are subservient to fundamental rights. Appalachia, Kraal The single largest Coca-Cola bottling plant in India, in Appalachia, Kraal, remains shut down since March 2004. Initially ordered to shut down until June 15 (for arrival of monsoon rains) by the state government to ease rough conditions, the Appalachia bottling plant has been unable to open because the local village council (penchant) is REFUSING to reissue Coca-Cola a license to operate. The village council has maintained that the plant needs to shut down because it has destroyed the water system in th e area as well as polluted the area. The penchant is an elected body at the most local level in India, and forms the building block of democracy in India Penchant Raja- a model promoted extensively by Mahatma Gandhi. Cloacae, in typical fashion, has chosen to undermine democracy by appealing to the courts that he penchant has no jurisdiction over the plant and Coca-Cola, and that it should be the state of Kraal that makes the decision. Coca-Colas efforts to undermine local governance is being followed closely as the court ruling in favor of the penchant could set a significant precedence for local governance. The struggle in Appalachia is the oldest struggle against Coca- Cola in India and there has been a 24/7 vigil directly in front of the factory gates since April 22, 2002. The struggle in Appalachia has also enjoyed significant victories. In December 2003, the High court, in an extremely significant decision, ruled that Coca-Cola HAD to seek alternative sources of water and that it could extract only as much water from the common groundwater resource as a farmer owning 34 acres of land could. The justification being that the plant is located on 34 acres. Furthermore, the court held that the groundwater belonged to the people and the Government had no right to allow a private party to extract such a huge quantity of ground water which was a property held by it in trust. In another significant action in August, 2004, the Kraal State Pollution Control Board (PC), acting upon a Supreme court order, directed the Coca-Cola company to ensure that water supply through pipeline is delivered to the houses of all the affected communities in the vicinity. While the various court and government agencies are validating and acting upon the community concerns, Coca-Cola is busy putting more money into a public relations strategy designed to convince everyone that they have nothing to do with the water scarcity and pollution in Appalachia and in India. Impending, Attar Pradesh 11 More so than other struggles against Coca-Cola in India, the communities in Impending, a Village about 20 SMS from the holy city of Varnish, have more of an uphill battle because the local and state officials are turning a blind eye to the concerns of the communities. The water table has declined between 25-40 feet in the last four years, and Coca-Cola has been discharging its waste water into the surrounding fields, and now into a canal that feeds into the river Ganges, a holy river for millions of Indian. The landscape is very rural, and farming is the main source of livelihood in the area. Many farmers have yet to be compensated for the land that was taken from them in order to lid the Coca-Cola bottling facility. The movement to shut down the Coca- Cola plant has been growing rapidly for the last year. In August 2003, community members entered the office of the Regional Pollution Control Board in Varnish, and to protest their inaction, dumped sacks full of sludge from the Coca-Cola plant on the table of the regional officer. In September 2003, over 500 people marched to the Coca-Cola factory gates and were physically attacked and beaten by police and private security guards. In October 2003, a march was organized from the Coke plant in Impending to a Pepsi plant in Jaunt, about 150 km away. And in mid-December 2003, ten activists went on a five-day hunger strike in front of the plant. They were supported by fifty people sitting with them each day, and about 300 people went on hunger strikes of varied duration. And in June 2004, hundreds conducted a sit-in in front of the state assembly in Locknut. So far, not only have the authorities not cooperated at all, they have consistently refused to make good on their promises of inquiries and investigations to look into Coca-Colas practices that are depleting the groundwater and polluting the water and soil. In addition, the authorities have trumped up criminal charges against some of the key leaders of the struggle, and issued orders to these leaders preventing them from shouting slogans or making inflammatory speeches within 300 meters of the plant. The communities are determined to close down the factory in Impending, and the local organizers have been extremely successful in garnering local support in the area. They have also organized the community around a new Coca-Cola plant in Bali, about 250 SMS away. From November 15-24, 2004, a march will be conducted from the Coca-Cola factory gates in Bali to the Coca-Cola factory gates in Impending, demanding the closure of both the facilities. What are communities in India demanding? The first step that Coca-Cola must take is to admit to the severity of problems it has caused in India, and then find ways to address them operationally: They must permanently shut down the bottling facilities in Impending, Kola Dear and Appalachia. They must compensate the affected community members.

NIH and WebMD Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NIH and WebMD Websites - Essay Example The secondary audience for NIH could include NIH employees, the general public including young and old people who have the ability to read. Medical students and individuals seeking administrative work, fellowship programs, and executive careers among others may also find information on NIH website useful. Partaking in NIH’s clinical trials is also eligible to people of any age irrespective of their health status. Practicing medical experts and fitness specialists may also use WebMD when peer reviewing some of the medical and fitness information contained on the website. Additionally, health communication specialists and bloggers of health issues may also use the website as a reference when reporting on different medical conditions. This is because the website contains diverse range of health related information. Both NIH and WebMD use claims in striking rapport with their primary audience.  NIH, for instance, claims to be America’s leading supporter of medical researc h that transforms discovery into health. NIH’s mission is an example of logos that appeal to its primary user’s logical reasoning on the benefits on research on health. In addition, the website establishes a connection with the audience through social media sites such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter blog as well as through their email and RSS feeds. Additionally, information links and navigational bar on the homepage is conspicuously designed for users’ ease of specific information search within the website.

Critical Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Analysis - Coursework Example As noted in the article, the research provided seeks to make readers understand human behavior. Adese’s article focuses on the problems that people face because they are biracial. The article relates to me indirectly, because I have several biracial relatives who may perhaps feel the same way. In my view, Adese has written an excellent article, reflecting on issues of racism and economical status. I agree with the author on most of her views. However, there is one point that I chose to disagree with her. Adese points out in page 242 that she wonders how her life would have been like if she had not grown up thinking of herself in â€Å"parts† (Adem & Thompson, 2010). I think she should now focus more on how to embrace the positives and negatives of the two cultures. The author may perhaps have enhanced her methodological approach, if she conducted interviews from other people. Similar to Jennifer Adese, Danzy Senna also writes an article on children who grow up with similar experiences. There are two questions that arise after one reads her article. Would he views been different if raised from a different racial heritage? Are there positives of growing up as a biracial child? Like Adese, Danzy Senna also uses qualitative research method to portray the data she has researched on while growing up. The author who is also the researcher in this article is subjectively immersed in the topic of her discussion. From this reading, it is difficult to tell whether the author is happy as a biracial person. Senna’s reading also impacts on my experiences in an indirect way. I have friends who have both Mexican and black parents and do not have conflicting views. I find her statement true when she says that in the 1970s, black people connected on shared history and not based on color and hair texture as perceived by most people today (OHearn, 1998). The author uses this point effectively to show the racial issues that exists today and those

The War Powers Act of 1973 Essay Example for Free

The War Powers Act of 1973 Essay The fundamental conflict between Article I, Section 8 and Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution gave occasion to the passing of The War Powers Act of 1973 also known as The War Powers Resolution of 1973. The former constitutional provision granted the power to declare war to Congress while the latter appointed the President of the United States to be the Commander-in-Chief of the country’s armed forces. The conflict occurred because the Presidents, in sending American soldiers to war in their capacity as their Commander-in-Chief, have been ignoring the provision of the constitution which vested unto Congress the â€Å"sole power to declare war. † This practice was believed to have started when President Truman sent American soldiers to Korea without a congressional declaration of war. The truth was, the United States Congress had not officially declared any war after World War II (Lithwick). It was observed that the U. S. Presidents believed that as long as Congress did not declare any war formally, committing American soldiers to hostilities was within their constitutional power as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. In other words, so long as Congress could be prevented from declaring war formally, the presidents retain a virtual free hand in such cases (Centre for European Policy Studies).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the war in Vietnam, however, the members of Congress, in an effort to assert their authority to declare war which was granted by the constitution, passed The War Powers Act of 1973 over the veto which was exercised by then President Richard Nixon. Unfortunately, the act failed to settle with finality the conflict between the President and Congress. As a matter of fact, almost all American Presidents continued to ignore Congress, including The War Powers Act of 1973, for various reasons (Rasky).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Act has three prominent sections. These are Sections 3 (which deals on â€Å"Consultation†); Section 4 (Reporting); and Section 5, which discusses â€Å"Congressional Action.† Section 3 specifically states that The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the  circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with  the Congress until United States Armed Forces are no longer engaged in  hostilities or have been removed from such situations (War Powers Resolution of 1973).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This provision clearly asserts the constitutional authority of Congress in the declaration of war or the commitment of American soldiers to any war or war-like activities. In other words, Congress do not only want to be consulted before the President sends any troops to hostile situations, but it should also be appraised of the situation while the troops are still in the area. Finally, the President should consult with Congress when the troops will already be withdrawn or have already been withdrawn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 4, on the other hand, states that when American forces are deployed in hostilities without a war being declared, a written report should be submitted by the President within 48 hours of such deployment to both the Speaker of the House of Representatives as well as the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate. The report should explain the reasons for the action and the â€Å"estimated scope and duration of the hostilities or involvement.† Aside from submitting this written report at least once every six months, the President should also answer any questions posed by Congress concerning its constitutional war-making powers (War Powers Resolution of 1973).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These provisions, unfortunately, had been cited as not only burdensome and dilatory, but also unfair, particularly Section 3, when Congress is in recess. For instance, President Gerald Ford experienced some difficulties along this line when American forces were being evacuated from DaNang sometime in 1975 and again in 1976 in Lebanon. He said that â€Å"When the evacuation of DaNang was forced upon us during the Congress’s Easter recess, not one of the key bipartisan leaders of the Congress was in Washington.† He said that because of the break, some of the key leaders were in Greece. Others were in the People’s Republic of China, while there were those who spent the time in Mexico, the Middle East, and Europe. He expressed disappointment with the law, calling it unfair especially since, according to him, â€Å"military operations seldom wait for Congress to meet,† claiming further that many critical situations around the world in fact arose when it was nighttime in Washington (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). In essence, President Ford was explaining that preparing for and/or actually going to war could be greatly hampered by all these consultations and reporting to Congress because any element of surprise or advantage of quick retaliation would be lost in the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Republican President Ronald Reagan had similarly experienced the dilatory effect of the War Powers Act in 1982. After deploying American Marines to Lebanon, President Reagan complied with the provision of the act by making a report about the deployment to Congress. In spite of the majority of the Republicans in the Senate, the deployment was vigorously opposed by the Democratic congressmen who were the majority in the House of Representatives at the time. In other words, the deployment was not granted Congressional authority for several months, only to be approved later the following year after a compromise was reached by the leaders of both houses of Congress, authorizing the U.S. Marines to stay in Lebanon for 18 months. What made matters worse was the observation of some quarters that the opposition to the deployment had been mainly due to partisan political reasons. President Reagan, for his part, was greatly disappointed with the compromise especially since it sought President Reagan’s assurances on what the Marines were not supposed to do, thereby tying down their hands and reducing their effectiveness (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). According to observers, the delay in the authorization and the challenges made in the House of Representatives had the effect of weakening the negotiating position of President Reagan not only with Syria but also with the warring political groups found in Lebanon. As a result, the Department of State’s Director of the Policy Planning Staff, Peter W. Rodman, said that the presence of the Marines in Lebanon was stripped of its deterrent impact. Specifically, Rodman explained that what happened in Congress â€Å"convinced the Syrians that the United States was ‘short of breath’ †¦, thus undermining the delicate diplomatic efforts †¦that sought a negotiated solution† By March 6, 1984, Senator Howard Baker, the Majority Leader, was already questioning the appropriateness and the relevance of the War Powers Act as an interactive tool between the two branches of government. He voiced the opinion that the country’s military involvement in other countries could not always start off â€Å"with a prolonged tedious and divisive negotiation between the executive and the legislative branches of Government [because] The world and its many challenges to [American] interests simply do not allow [such] luxury†   (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). Records would later show that that Lebanese episode was the first and only incident where Congress was able to invoke the War Powers Act. Nevertheless, a compromise subsequently produced the required congressional authority and effectively aborted what could have been a genuine face-off between the two branches of government (Rasky).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 5, which provides for the necessary congressional action, is the third important section of the Act. Subsection (a) of this section provides that when Congress is not in session for at least three days when the President’s report is being transmitted to Congress, the President could be requested jointly by the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representative to convene Congress for the sole purpose of considering the report and taking any appropriate action where necessary. Obviously, this provision should be interpreted as proof of Congress’s intention of giving due priority to the problem. Subsection (b), on the other hand, requires the President to withdraw the American forces from the area of hostilities sixty days from the filing of the report to Congress unless: Congress has either officially declared war or has issued its authorization for the continued use of the American forces; has granted a statutory extension after the sixty-day period has lapsed; or fails to convene for the purpose of acting on the matter resulting from any armed attack from hostile parties. This section likewise specifies that in a case where an extension to the sixty-day period is requested by the President for any valid reason, Congress is only empowered to grant an additional 30 days to effect the safe withdrawal of the American forces. Finally, subsection (c) specifically provides that â€Å"at any time that United States Armed Forces are engaged in hostilities outside the territory of the United States, its possessions and territories without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization, such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution† (War Powers Resolution of 1973).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to this subsection, a concurrent resolution by the House of Representatives and the Senate could compel the President to immediately withdraw American forces from undeclared wars. This, however, has been deemed unconstitutional by some quarters, interpreting the provision as giving â€Å"the force of law to a concurrent resolution, which is passed by majorities in both chambers of Congress, but is not presented to the President for his consent or veto.† They have cited Article I, Section 7, Clause 3 of the Constitution which provides that Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds vote of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the case of a Bill (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). Works Cited Lithwick, Dahlia. â€Å"What War Powers Does the President Have?† 15 January 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.slate.com/id/1008290 Centre For European Policy Studies. â€Å"On a European War Powers Act.† 19 February 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 January 2008. http://ceps01.link.be/Article.php?=article_id=80 â€Å"HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR.† The Progressive Conservative. Ed. Alman Leroy Way,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jr. 10 June – 31 December 1999. 15 January 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.geocities.com/way_leroy/ProConVolTwoIssueOnePage5.html Rasky, Susan F. â€Å"War Powers Act: Years of Conflict Over Constitutionality.† New York   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Times online. 19 April 1988. 15 January 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://ceps01.link.be/Article.php?=article_id=80 â€Å"War Powers Resolution of 1973.† Almanac of Policy Issues. 7 November 1973. 15 January http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/war_powers_resolution.shtml

Physics of Swimming Essay -- physics swim swimming

The study of physics and fluid dynamics in swimming has been a field of increasing interest for study in the past few decades among swimming coaches and enthusiasts. Despite the long history of research, the understanding of how to move the human body effectively through the water is still in its infancy. Competitive swimmers and their coaches of all levels are constantly striving for ways to improve their stroke technique and overall performance. The research and performances of today's swimmers are continuously disproving the beliefs of the past. Like in all sports, a better understanding of physics is enabling the world class swimmers to accomplish times never before thought possible. This was displayed on the grandest of scales in the 2000 Olympics when Ian Thorpe, Inge De Bruijn, Pieter Van Den Hoogenband and a number of other swimmers broke a total of twelve world records and numerous Olympic and national records. Several forces play significant roles in the movement of the human body through the water. The forces are drag, lift, gravity and buoyancy. Lift and drag are the main propulsive forces that are used by swimmers. Resistance, known as drag, can be broken into three main categories: frontal resistance, skin friction, and eddy resistance. The effect of buoyancy in swimming is best described by Archimedes’ principle: a body fully or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the body.1 This effectively negates any effects that gravity might have on a swimmer. The rare exception to this is a swimmer with very little body fat, and this is overcome by keeping the lungs inflated to a certain degree at all times. Frontal... ...s, but through her intense regiment of endurance training she was recently able to win two Olympic gold medals. A select few swimmers go beyond momentum and energy and use power to its fullest and have no competition, like Ian Thorpe or the once great Alex Popov. Works Cited 1 David Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, Extended, 5th ed. (NewYork:Wiley, 1997) 361 2 Cecil M. Colwin, Swimming Into the 21st Century, (Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1992) 20-32, 58-59 3 James E. Counsilman and Brian E. Counsilman, The New Science of Swimming, (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1994) 6-7 4 James E. Counsilman and Brian E. Counsilman, The New Science of Swimming, (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1994) 10-22 5 Robert E. Schleihauf, "A biomechanical analysis of freestyle." Swimming Technique, 1974, 11(3), 89-96

Women Role in Athenian Society

Women†s role in Greece can be seen when one first begins to do research on the subject. The subject of women in Greece is coupled with the subject of slaves. This is the earliest classification of women in Greek society. Although women were treated differently from city to city the basic premise of that treatment never changed. Women were only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rites to the husband. However, women did form life long bonds with their husbands and found love in arranged marriages. Women are â€Å"defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors† in Athenian society (The Greek World, pg. 200). For women life didn†t extend far from the home, which was thought to be their sole realm of existence. Though they ranked higher than slaves did, they were treated in many of the same ways. Just like slaves, their mothers trained women as adolescents what their domestic duties were. They were secluded from all males, including those in their family. They lived in gynaikeion, which were women†s apartments in Athens (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 55). They were kept at home where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable wife. â€Å"Marriage was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To remain a spinster was the worst disgrace which could befall a woman† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). However, it was seen as more of a disgrace on her father who ‘owned† her until she was married. Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their household and slaves, they didn†t have much freedom. They rarely left the house, unless they were part of some sort of religious procession. They could only walk abroad in the streets if accompanied by a slave or other attendant. It was improper for respectable women to share the same social entertainments as men. Even if caught in the courtyard of the house by a male visitor, they would return to the seclusion of their own apartments. Pericles once said, â€Å"it was their business to be spoken of as little as possible whether for good or ill† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). This sentiment describes the extent of the importance of women in society. Marriage was their only major role in the lives of men. The betrothal was arranged by the parents as a strictly business contract. The parent†s choice of a suitable groom for their bride was a matter of pride and status for the family. The groom†s choice in bride was largely determined by the amount of dowry the bride would bring with her. Although the wedding was a happy ceremony, it was only the beginning of a woman†s loss of independence. Not only did women possess no independent status in the eyes of the law; she always remained under the supervision of a male. If her husband died, she was returned to her father†s or brother†s home where they would take charge of her. After the wedding, the wife†s duties were centered on the management of the home. She would overlook the slaves, mend and make clothing for her family, usually done by spinning or knitting, weave rugs and baskets for the home, or just fold and refold the clothing kept in the family chest. The wife was also responsible for maintaining her attractiveness for her husband. A proper Athenian wife would adorn herself with jewelry and use rouge upon her husband†s arrival home. Sometimes she might spend an entire evening sitting next to the couch where her husband lay reclining. Most importantly the Athenian women were seen as â€Å"fine upstanding matrons† fit to bear a race of excellent athletes† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). An Athenian man married primarily to have children. These children were expected to care for him in his old age, but more importantly to bury him with the â€Å"full appropriate rites† (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 57). Moreover, Athenian men married to have male children in order to perpetuate the family line and guarantee him honors when he died. It was also a large disgrace for a man to be unmarried. Basically, Athenians married not out of love for each other, but for religious and social convenience. All this aside, love was abundant in Greek society. Although love was never a determining factor in marriages, a lifelong bond and devotion developed between a couple as the years passed. â€Å"We know that the Greeks of the fifth and fourth century used the word eros (love) to describe the passion linking a husband and his wife† (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 58). There are many instances in myth and history where husbands and wives in Greek society have sacrificed themselves for the sake of the other. They were bonded together by their love of their family and by their dedication to each other through their family. Women were dedicated to the happiness of their husband and the well being of their children. Men were dedicated to providing for and supporting their family and raising noteworthy children. These common goals brought together the husband and wife like never before. It was this bond that sparked the beginning of a lifelong commitment to one another and the growth of th eir love for one another. Although women were not given formal rights, they were able to find pride and happiness in the mundane applications of their life. Women found pride in their children and satisfaction in their husband†s happiness. I would like to leave you with closing remarks that illustrate the bond between a wife and her husband. â€Å"The greatest pleasure to me will be this, that, if you prove yourself my superior, you will make me your servant and there will be no fear lest with advancing years your influence will wane; nay the better companion you are to me and the better guardian of the house to our children, the greater will be the esteem in which you are held at home; and all will admire you, not so much for your good looks as for your good deeds in practical life† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). â€Å"Atthis, who didst live for me and breathe thy last toward me, once the source of all my joy and now of tears, holy, much lamented, how sleepst thou the mournful sleep, thou whose head was never laid away from thy husband†s breast, leaving Theios alone as one who is no more; for with thee the hope of our life went to darkness† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 87).

Baldcypress, an Excellent Tree Choice for Planting

Testimony after testimony from urban foresters and park administrators support the up and coming bald cypress or  Taxodium distichum  as the latest trend in selecting the best landscaping tree for many locations. Lawns, parks and street right-of-ways are growing baldcypress in profusion. Common baldcypress is an evergreen but acts deciduous as it drops its twiggy leaves in the fall. You can call it a deciduous conifer. The rich green color of the needles turn to copper orange then to brown and makes for one of autumns best colors just before twig and needle fall. Careful When Wet In wet soil conditions, the bald cypress will form sections of root growing above ground to gather oxygen. These knobby cypress knees can occur 10 to 15 beyond the spread of the plant. Cypress knees do not generally form on drier sites. On the Street Cities from Charlotte, NC, Dallas, TX to Tampa, FL currently use it as a street tree and it should be used more extensively throughout its range in urban landscapes according to most landscape professionals. Baldcypress can be clipped into a formal hedge, creating a wonderful soft screen or hedge. Art Plotnik,  The Uban Tree Book, says as a street tree, the  baldcypress  is getting rave recommendations and increasing use. Tree professionals of New Orleans, Charlotte,  Tampa  and Dallas are among others that put it on the streets. Ralph Sievert, Minneapolis MN Urban Forester who is respected as the â€Å"Johnny Appleseed† of  baldcypress, recommends it highly in his state and outside of the southern United States. Growth Bald cypress trees grow best when they have their own space and can potentially grow up to 2 feet per year. Bald cypress require sun (at least 1/2 day). They make a great screen when planted in groups and can be planted within 15 feet of a house.